Urticaria papular y sus agentes causales en Colombia / Papular urticaria: A review of causal agents in Colombia

Resumen La urticaria papular es una enfermedad alérgica causada por la picadura de insectos, la cual predomina en el trópico. El objetivo de esta revisión fue profundizar en sus aspectos epidemiológicos e inmunológicos, particularmente con base en datos publicados en Latinoamérica. Se hizo una revisión no sistemática mediante la búsqueda electrónica de artículos sobre la epidemiología de la urticaria papular, las características entomológicas de los agentes causales y los mecanismos inmunológicos asociados. Según los diversos reportes de centros médicos de Latinoamérica la urticaria papular es frecuente; el único estudio de prevalencia publicado indica que afecta a una cuarta parte de los niños escolares de Bogotá. Hay información sobre la relación causal entre la exposición domiciliaria a la pulga, la pobreza y la urticaria papular en Bogotá, una ciudad representativa de las altitudes andinas. No hay estudios que indaguen directamente sobre los insectos causales en zonas cálidas, aunque se sospecha clínicamente de los mosquitos Aedes aegypti y Culex quinquefasciatus. En cuanto a su patogenia, se destaca la participación de mecanismos celulares que involucran las células colaboradoras Th2, lo cual explica que sea una condición de hipersensibilidad retardada. El papel de la inmunoglobulina E (IgE) en la urticaria papular no está tan claro. Se desconocen los antígenos derivados de los insectos que causan la enfermedad, aunque se plantea que existen moléculas comunes de reacción cruzada entre los insectos, tales como el alérgeno Cte f 2 en la pulga, y sus homólogos en los mosquitos. La urticaria papular es una condición frecuente en Latinoamérica que debe investigarse en profundidad. La caracterización inmunológica de los componentes moleculares que causan esta condición puede resolver interrogantes sobre su etiología y su patogenia.

Abstract Papular urticaria is a chronic allergic reaction induced by insect bites, which is common in the tropics. The objective of this review was to deepen on epidemiological and immunological aspects of this disease, focused on data published in Latin American countries. We conducted a non-systematic review of the literature through electronic search on the epidemiology of papular urticaria, the entomological characteristics of the causative agents and associated immunological mechanisms. Several reports from medical centers suggest that papular urticaria is common in Latin America. Only one epidemiological survey designed to estimate prevalence of papular urticaria has been published, reporting that about a quarter of children under six years of age is affected by this condition in Bogotá. There is evidence on the causal relationship among exposure to indoor fleas, poverty and papular urticaria in Bogotá, a representative city of the Andean altitudes. Information about causal insects in tropical warmer areas is scarce, although from clinical reports Aedes aegypti and Culex quienquefasciatus appear to be the most common. Th2 cellular-mediated mechanisms are involved in its pathogenesis, which explains its delayed hypersensitivity. The role of immunoglobulin E is not clear in this disease. Insect-derived antigens directly involved in papular urticaria etiology are unknown. However, it is possible that common molecules among causal insects mediate cross-reactive reactions, such as Cte f 2 allergen, found in cat fleas, and its counterparts in mosquitoes. Papular urticaria is a frequent disease in Latin America that should be further investigated. Immunological characterization of the molecular components that cause this condition may solve questions about its pathogenesis.

Intercostal thoracotomy in 20 dogs: muscle-sparing versus traditional techniques

The levels of pain, duration of approaching and closure, and surgical exposure associated with intercostal thoracotomy were compared between muscle-sparing and traditional techniques in 20 dogs. Postoperative pain was assessed based on numerical pain scores using behavioral observation, heart rate, respiratory rate, and wound palpation. Time for approaching and closure were measured, and the extent of intrathoracic organ exposure for the surgical procedures was described for each technique. There were significant differences in numerical pain scores at 2 h as well as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 days after surgery between the two groups (p < 0.0001). There was no significant (p = 0.725) difference in times for approaching and closure between the two groups. Compared to the traditional method, the muscle-sparing technique also achieved the desired exposure without compromising exposure of the target organs. Our results suggest that the muscle-sparing technique is more effective than the traditional method for providing a less painful recovery during the first 7 days after intercostal thoracotomy. Additionally, the muscle-sparing technique is as effective as the traditional modality for providing an appropriate time for approaching and closure during intercostal thoracotomy as well as adequate organ exposure for the surgical procedures.

Massive attack by honeybees in a German shepherd dog: description of a fatal case and review of the literature

In the present study, a fatal case caused by honeybee (Apis cerana) stings was documented in a female German shepherd dog that was presented at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan. Characteristic clinical signs included hematuria, hematemesis, incoordination and convulsions along with evidence of massive honeybee attack supported the diagnosis of envenomation. The dog was treated with dexamethasone and diphenhydramine, but it did not respond to therapy and died. This outcome could be avoided if we had a bee antivenom available for treating envenomated patients.

Sensitization rates of causative allergens for dogs with atopic dermatitis: detection of canine allergen-specific IgE

Allergen-specific IgE serology tests became commercially available in the 1980s. Since then these tests have been widely used to diagnose and treat allergic skin diseases. However, the relationship between a positive reaction and disease occurrence has been controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate allergens using a serologic allergy test in dogs with atopic dermatitis (AD). Dogs clinically diagnosed with AD (n=101) were tested using an allergen-specific IgE immunoassay. Among the total 92 environmental and food allergens, house dust and house dust mites were the most common. Several allergens including airborne pollens and molds produced positive reactions, and which was considered increasing allergens relating to the climate changes. The presence of antibodies against staphylococci and Malassezia in cases of canine AD was warranted in this study. Additionally, strong (chicken, turkey, brown rice, brewer's yeast, and soybean) and weakly (rabbit, vension, duck, and tuna) positive reactions to food allergens could be used for avoidance and limited-allergen trials.

Percutaneous transplantation of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a dog suspected to have fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy

The use of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells for cell transplantation therapy holds great promise for repairing spinal cord injury. Here we report the first clinical trial transplantation of human umbilical cord (hUCB)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into the spinal cord of a dog suspected to have fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy (FCEM) and that experienced a loss of deep pain sensation. Locomotor functions improved following transplantation in a dog. Based on our findings, we suggest that transplantation of hUCB-derived MSCs will have beneficial therapeutic effects on FCEM patients lacking deep pain sensation.

Comparison of different bronchial closure techniques following pneumonectomy in dogs

The comparison of the histologic healing and bronchopleural fistula (BPF) complications encountered with three different BS closure techniques (manual suture, stapler and manual suture plus tissue flab) after pneumonectomy in dogs was investigated for a one-month period. The dogs were separated into two groups: group I (GI) (n = 9) and group II (GII) (n = 9). Right and left pneumonectomies were performed on the animals in GI and GII, respectively. Each group was further divided into three subgroups according to BS closure technique: subgroup I (SGI) (n = 3), manual suture; subgroup II (SGII) (n = 3), stapler; and subgroup III (SGIII) (n = 3), manual suture plus tissue flab. The dogs were sacrificed after one month of observation, and the bronchial stumps were removed for histological examination. The complications observed during a one-month period following pneumonectomy in nine dogs (n = 9) were: BPF (n = 5), peri-operative cardiac arrest (n = 1), post-operative respiratory arrest (n = 1), post-operative cardiac failure (n = 1) and cardio-pulmonary failure (n = 1). Histological healing was classified as complete or incomplete healing. Histological healing and BPF complications in the subgroups were analyzed statistically. There was no significant difference in histological healing between SGI and SGIII (p = 1.00; p > 0.05), nor between SGII and SGIII (p = 1.00; p > 0.05). Similarly, no significant difference was observed between the subgroups in terms of BPF (p = 0.945; p > 0.05). The results of the statistical analysis indicated that manual suture, stapler or manual suture plus tissue flab could be alternative methods for BS closure following pneumonectomy in dogs.

Retrieval of an embolization coil accidentally dislodged in the descending aorta of a dog with a patent ductus arteriosus

A 3.5-year-old intact female miniature poodle (weighing 2.7 kg) was referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at Kangwon National University, because of inadvertent aortic embolization, by an occlusion coil used for the closure of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The coil was found at the site of the branching renal arteries in the abdominal aorta. A foreign body forceps with a three-wire nail tip was used, with fluoroscopic guidance, to retrieve the coil. After the removal, the dog was treated with heparin to prevent thromboembolization.

Eficácia da solução de cloreto de sódio a 7 por cento e meio com e sem dextran 70 a 6 por cento na preservação da função renal de cães hipovolêmicos submetidos à isquemia-reperfusão / Efficacy of 7 percent and media hypertonic sodium chloride, with and without 6 percent dextran 70, in renal function preservation of hypovolemic dogs submitted to ischemia-reperfusion / Eficacia de la solución de cloreto de sodio a 7, 5% con y sin dextran 70 a 6% en la preservación de la función renal de canes hipovolémicos sometidos a isquemia-reperfusión

Justificativa e Obejetivos - As soluções hipertônicas de cloreto de sódio, associadas ou não a colóides hiperoncóticos, podem ser eficazes em proteger o rim em situações de hipovolemia. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar, em cães, o real benefício dessas soluções sobre a função renal, em vigência de hipovolemia e isquemia do órgão. Método - Em 24 cães, anestesiados com pentobarbital sódico, submetidos à nefrectomia direita e à expansão volêmica com solução de Ringer (1 ml.kgðû.minðû), foram observadas possíveis alterações renais morfo-funcionais após hemorragia de 20 ml.kgðû e trinta minutos de total isquemia reanal esquerda, com posterior reperfusão, além da repercussão renal da administração de soluções de cloreto de sódio 7,5 por cento (SH) e esta em dextran 70 a 6 por cento (SHD). Atributos estudados: FC, PAM, pressão de veia cava inferior, fluxo sangüíneo renal, resistência vascular renal, hematócrito, NA+, K+, osmolaridade plasmática, PAO2, PACO2 e pH, depuração (para-aminohipurato de sódio - PAHð1, creatinina, osmolar, água livre, NA+, k+), fração de filtração, volume e osmolaridade urinários, excreções urinárias e fracionárias de NA+ e K+ e exame histopatológico do rim. Os atributos foram estudados em três grupos (G1, G2 e G3) e em cinco momentos. Resultados - Houve elevação estatisticamente significativa da pressão arterial média em G2 e G3, da resistência vascular renal em G1, do fluxo sangüíneo renal e da depuração de PAH em G3, da excreção fracionária de NA+ em G2 e G3, das depurações de creatinina, osmolar, de água livre e de NA+ e K+, da excreção urinária de NA+ e K+ e do volume urinário em G3. Conclusões - A SHD administrada 15 minutos após hemorragia moderada e 30 minutos antes de insulto isquêmico de 30 minutos foi eficiente em proteger o rim de cães das repercussões da isquemia-reperfusão. Não foi constatada alteração histopatógica renal à microscopia óptica

Lesöes histopatológicas renais causadas por Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856) em cäes infectados experimentalmente / Renal histopathology lesion by Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856) in dogs experimentally infected

Foram estudadas lesöes renais de 17 cäes da raça Beaglo, infectados experimentalmente com o parasita Dirofilaria immitis através de transplante de parasita adulto ou por injeçäo subcutânea de larva infectante, com o período de infecçäo variando de 111 a 923 dias. Os animais foram separados em seis grupos de acordo com o tempo de duraçäo e tipo de infecçäo e um grupo controle composto por 11 cäes da mesma raça. As amostras renais foram obtidas por necropsia e examinadas através da microscopia óptica pelas coloraçöes de hematoxilina-eosina, ácido periódico de Schiff, prata-metanamina e tricrômico de Masson. Nos grupos de cäes infectados a alteraçäo glomerular mais freqüente foi o aumento da celularidade mesangial, associado ou näo à presença de microfilárias intracapilares ou intersticiais. Nos grupos com tempo de infecçäo acima de 365 dias foram observadas alteraçöes glomerulares como espessamento de membrana basal glomerular e nefrite intersticial. Esses achados preliminares confirmam relatos anteriores sugerindo que a glomerulonefrite e a nefrite intersticial säo as principais lesöes renais associadas a cäes infectados por D. immitis.

Neoplasias mamárias em cadelas: influência hormonal e efeitos da ovario-histerectomia como terapia adjuvante / Canine mammary tumors: hormonal influence and effects of ovariohiysterectomy as an adjuvant therapy

As neoplasias mamárias constituem aproximadamente 50 por cento dos tumores diagnosticados em cadelas. Apesar dos hormônios sexuais femininos desempenharem papel fundamental no desenvolvimento desses tumores em mamíferos, o valor da supressäo hormonal pela ovário-histerectomia como auxiliar no tratamento do tumor de mama em caninos permanece controverso. Discute-se ainda se a realizaçäo da ovário-histerectomia após o diagnóstico influencia ou näo o crescimento e progressäo do tumor na glândula afetada ou em outras glândulas mamárias. O objetivo desta revisäo é discutir alguns aspectos relacionados à influência hormonal na etiologia de tumores mamários em cadelas, assim como o valor terapêutico da castraçäo, quando realizada no momento da mastectomia.

Hipersensibilidad alimentaria canina / Canine food hypersensitivity

La hipersensibilidad o alergia alimentaria es la tercera causa más común de dermatopatías alérgicas en el perro y puede presentarse junto con otras enfermedades alérgicas. Consiste en una reacción hacia algún componente de la dieta con una base inmunológica demostrada. A lo largo de su vida, la mayoría de los perros son expuestos a una gran variedad de alimentos, los cuales contienen muchos componentes antigénigos que tienen el potencial para inducir una respuesta de hipersensibilidad. Cualquier falla en los mecanismos de defensa del tracto digestivo puede predisponer al perro a padecer de hipersensibilidad alimentaria. Aún no están muy claros los mecanismos inmunológicos que causan la hipersensibilidad alimentaria, pero la mayoría de los investigadores coinciden en que podría tratarse de una reacción de hipersensibilidad de los tipos I, III o IV. Cualquier perro puede padecer de este problema, ya que no existe predisposición de edad, aunque es más común observarla en animales jóvenes, tampoco hay predisposición de raza o sexo; sin embargo, algunos investigadores señalan a ciertas razas como las más propensas. La hipersensibilidad alimentaria no está asociada a un cambio reciente en la dieta, de hecho, la mayoría de los perros han estado en contacto con el alimento ofensor durante dos o más años: Los perros pueden presentar signos cutáneos, gastrointestinales, neurológicos y respiratorios, siendo los primeros los más frecuentes. El signo dermatológico más común consiste en pruríto no estacional, el cual llega a ser tan intenso que origina lesiones secundarias como resultado de traumas autoinfringidos. Solamente entre 10 por ciento y 15 por ciento de los casos con manifestaciones cutáneas presentan signos gastrointestinales. Se han desarrollado diferentes pruebas para diagnosticar hipersensibilidad alimentaria, pero hasta el día de hoy las pruebas de eliminación/exposición, que consisten en proporcionar una dieta restringida y reaparición de los mismos cuando es que sólo requiere evitar el alimento que provoca la reacción . En el presente trabajo se exponen las causas, patogenia, semiótica, diagnóstico, diagnóstico diferencial y tratamiento de la hipersensibilidad alimentaria canina. Se trata de una enfermedad cuya incidencia es baja, pero que frecuentemente es omitida como un diferencial importante cuando se presentan casos de dermatopatías pruríticas, por lo que resulta necesario conocer la forma en que se manifiesta...

Concentración de minerales tóxicos y esenciales en derivados del curtido de pieles "carnazas" para perros y su solubilidad ácida o básica / Toxic and essential element concentration in leather toy for dogs and its basic and acid solubility

Para realizar la presente investigación se contó con 20 muestras de un producto para perros hecho a base de esquilmos de curtiduría llamdo "carnaza". Estas muestras de varias fuentes comerciales del Valle de México, fueron remitidas al Laboratorio de toxicología de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootencia de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, porque se asociaban con la muerte de los perros. Estas carnazas en forma de hueso son expendidas al público para que los perros jueguen y se limpien los dientes al mordisquearlas, pero la mayoría son consumidas. El análisis para elementos tóxicos y esenciales se practicó por espectrometría de absorción atómica para Cr, Pb, Cd, Ti, Ni, Fe, Cu y Zn. La preparación de la muestra se llevó a cabo por digestión alcalina y ácida. A cada digerido de la misma muestra se le leyó el contenido de estos minerales y después se sumarón ambos para notificarlo como totales. El promedio de los elementos minerales tóxicos encontrados en las muestras están por encima de la norma oficial mexicana (a ppm) para los alimentos de animales el contenido encontrado fue: Cr, 104; Pb, 25; Cd, 16; Ti, 4378 y Ni, 7.9 ppm. De los esenciales, la concentración de Fe es de 1128 que es 10 veces mayor de la que el perro necesita para nutrirse, pero el Cu y Zn son deficientes. También se concluye que la extracción alcalina digiere el cuero fácilmente, pero no solubiliza los elementos minerales tanto como la digestión ácida. Aunque la correlación entre el contenido mineral de cada muestra por los dos sistemas de digestión no es alta, se tiene cierta similitud para el Cr, Pb, Ti y Fe. El contenido de los metales tóxico, especialmente el Titanio, aunque se considera inerte con esta concentraciones (4378 ppm) debe señalarse como riesgo, pues se incluye en la cadena alimenticia